Process and Energy Intensification of Glycerol Carbonate Production from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate in the Presence of Eggshell-Derived CaO Heterogeneous Catalyst

The process and energy intensifications for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) from dimethyl (DMC) using an eggshell-derived CaO heterogeneous catalyst were investigated. transesterification reaction between DMC was typically limited by mass transfer because immiscible nature reactants. By varying stirring speed, it observed that limitation could be neglected at 800 rpm. presence solid made transport-limited more prominent. Mass intensification a simple kitchen countertop blender as alternative to overcome external typical magnetic stirrer demonstrated. A lower amount shorter time required achieve 93% conversion or 91% GC yield, turnover frequency (TOF) increased almost 5 times 1.5 7.2 min?1 when conventional blender, respectively. In addition, with 7200 rpm, temperature 60 °C reached within approximately 3 min without need heating unit. This result self-frictional heat generated high-shear blender. considered intensification, locally (in situ), offering higher homogeneity distribution. Meanwhile, trend toward promising yield efficiency 0.064 2.391 g/kJ. comparison among other techniques, e.g., microwave reactor, ultrasonic reactive distillation also rationalized.